Ninjas vs. Samurai essays

Ninjas versus Samurai expositions There is a tremendous contrast among Ninjas and Samurais yet there are likewise a few similitudes. This will clarify every one history, weapons they use, and furthermore their codes of respect. Lets start by first taking a gander at their accounts. In 794-1192 A.D. the new human progress prospered and with it, another class of well off, advantaged families. These families battled with each other in endeavors to make or devastate rulers. The requirement for spies, sources and now professional killers developed as these families dueled for power. They were dubious and envious of each other and would turn to any methods important to dispense with any potential dangers. In this way, the experts of nonuse were in incredible interest. With this, the ninja was conceived. As the ninja picked up ubiquity, so did the tales of their superhuman capacities. This notoriety was frequently supported by the ninja themselves. Forces like having the quality of ten men, capacity to transform into creatures, fly and become imperceptible voluntarily. Numerous little ranchers in the ninth century relied upon the landowners for their living, and faithful bonds created among ace and worker. Bit by bit a system of factions or families developed, each with its landowner and supporters. The legislature of the nation was no longer in charge, and peace was kept by the factions. The groups equipped themselves to secure their own territory and individuals, thus the warrior class of Samurai developed. His blade was as long as he can remember, his spirit. With this he followed the warriors code of respect, the Bushido. Ninjas have been known to utilize an assortment of weapons, for example, little and enormous blades, bow and bolts, blades, bo (staff), sickle and chain, shuriken and numerous others. At the point when flat broke the ninja are hazardous, when outfitted they are lethal. They have additionally been known to utilize different weapons. Samurai essentially simply utilized Katanas, The Wakizashi which is Shorter than the Katana, this blade was worn inside by the Samurai, in light of the fact that the Katan ... <!

Blue Sky free essay sample

Did you realize that the sky wasnt constantly blue? The story goes a large number of years back. Everything went like this It was Just one more day in Aika town. The sky was dark and dim(Put it here or expel it from legend). There werent many individuals strolling around town, and the main sounds heard were the delicate harvest time wind and stirring leaves. One young lady, named A, was sitting alone on a glade. Consistently she sought after an adjustment in the town, as everything was constantly dull and miserable. No splendid hues existed, and the town needed character. Simply at that point, a kid named Yu moved toward her. Gazing at the sky, huh? Yu inquired. Simulated intelligence was frightened by this. She once in a while addressed anybody outside of her family, yet she attempted to try to avoid panicking and answer back. mies. Do you think that its exhausting also? I feel like something is absent. We will compose a custom paper test on Blue Sky or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Its consistently been that way, Yu answered. A few people have attempted to take care of business, yet just one intimation was found. Really? Computer based intelligence was astonished. What is that intimation? It was a little stone tablet, recorded with antiquated composition. It states something about a precious stone and an otherworldly wizard. Sounds like someones thought of a Joke, to me at least(Delete). Yu shrugged. An underground unnel had opened up, and Ai and Yu chose to look at it. This is so unusual! Man-made intelligence said. I wonder what could be down here. Perhaps this is the prediction I called a Joke before, Yu answered Im beginning tot in n unit is genuine. Artificial intelligence and Yu investigated the passage and saw light originating from a room. They topped in and saw a wizard recounting spells from an old book. Do you figure we ought to request that he bring shading into this world? Man-made intelligence murmured to Yu. mfou do it, you discovered this spot Yu murmured back. Artificial intelligence and Yu strolled into the room. Artificial intelligence moved toward the wizard, who was out to lunch. Um pardon me? Simulated intelligence said to the wizard. Why hi, what might I be able to assist you with? the wizard inquired. Computer based intelligence serenely asked him, Would you please bring shading into this world? Everything is so dull and diminish; its difficult to encounte r joy in a world like this. Hm said the wizard. Allow me to check if there is such a spell. While the wizard searched for the spell, Ai and Yu muttered to one another. Both were interested about this spot, and if shading would really be brought to the world. In the event that it was conceivable, it would achieve a colossal change. All things considered, the wizard stated, miouVe solicited me from a forceful huge assignment, and I can't satisfy your solicitation. Notwithstanding, I may support a bit. I can bring you back one shading, yet just in one zone. Man-made intelligence recalled the blue precious stone, and the amount she cherished that shading. l might want to see the shading blue! Man-made intelligence shouted. On the off chance that it must be in one spot however Ai put everything on hold. This was her opportunity to bring trust once again into the world, and she needed everybody to celebrate. She needed everybody to encounter this shading. l might want the sky to be blue. Man-made intelligence at long last chose. At that point it is settled. said the wizard. l will make the sky blue. The wizard muttered unusual expressions, and following a couple of moments, the world shook for a snappy second. At that point, the whole sky was changed into the shading blue. Computer based intelligence and Yu hurried outside to encounter this for themselves. The passage immediately vanished, as did the precious stone. In any case, they didnt mind. They had a blessing. Their blessing was the sky turning blue. After days went on, Ai saw changes around her town. Individuals were progressively chipper, the crime percentage was decreased, and bliss filled air. The blue sky was promise for what's to come. The blue sky was a sight for everybody. The blue sky was a blessing, a blessing that couldnt be articulated. It must be believed to be accepted.

4 Inspirational Stories from the Hood to Make You Stop Feeling Sorry for Yourself!

4 Inspirational Stories from the Hood to Make You Stop Feeling Sorry for Yourself! Last summer, I made a promise at the end of a blog about participating in College Summit, a program that prepares inner city high school students to attend college: I announced I would return to the program in 2015. And I kept my promise! From July 23-26, 2015, I worked with four student leaders to find their unique stories and put them down on paper. I was inspired by all of them in different ways, and I’d like to share their stories with you. As you read about these young leaders, consider the things that stop you in your life. My four students each encountered situations that could have brought them down, but they did not give up on themselves or their dreams. Here are their stories (complete with typos and grammatical anomalies). Their names have been changed for purposes of this article. Benita Benita, in an initial writing exercise, referred to a “family situation” but did not say what it was. We told her we wanted to know more, and she said she didn’t write more about it because she would cry. I told her it was okay and welcome if she cried. In the next exercise, she revealed, tears streaming down her face, that her dad was arrested in front of her eyes when she was 12 years old, and then was quickly deported. He had been trying to do what he could to put food on the table. After her dad’s departure, Benita quit playing soccer; she and her two siblings quit school; and her mother quit eating for seven months. But the family ultimately was able to turn their lives around. Benita rejoined the soccer team; all the kids went back to school; and her mother opened a dance studio. Benita’s dream: to become a history teacher in the neighborhood where she grew up. How remarkable that this young woman wants to give back in the setting that holds so many painful memories. She is creating new and more positive ones. My dad would take us to Disneyland once a month or even once every week. Our family was very cheerful and probably the happiest people anyone knew. When we would be home or somewhere else we didn’t really have enough food for us to eat. But that didn’t matter to us, all we cared about was being so happy and energetic family. Jorge Jorge’s brother Paul was the first in their family to graduate high school and to go to college. He was Jorge’s idol. When Paul dropped out of college, Jorge began to doubt whether he himself had what it took to make it through college. He spoke about how he started to give up on himself, but he said it looks likely that he will graduate this year. What he didn’t mention (and what I found out from one of the college coaches at the program) was that he has a 3.8 GPA and super high SAT math scores for someone from his background. Jorge is passionate about computer science and he has started to regain confidence in himself. I see every reason why he is going to be the first in his family to graduate from college. First period I had a computer science class in which we created our own website, our own game, our own graphics and pictures, and a program for a small robot made out of Legos. Most people thought that this class was boring and pointless, but I honestly thought that this was one of the most fun classes. I wish that I had a computer with all the programs at home to finish it or continue onto something else on my own. Jennifer A fireball from the moment we started working together, Jennifer never shied away from the task at hand. This girl from the ghetto is tired of walking by drug addicts every day. She wants more for herself and for her friends and family. Daring to be different from her neighbors, she has excelled in music and theater wants to be an obstetrician. She’s the one who bandages up the bleeding when her family gets scraped up. And I’ve never heard someone so excited while talking about mitosis! Jennifer is unafraid of the 13 years of schooling she will undergo to reach her dream. Being happy with what I do is an awesome feeling but knowing that it could take me places I could never imagine is even better. I am Jennifer Johnson. I’m from the ghetto. And despite all the negative things that are happening around me I did the things that made me the happiest, and became somebody. Sandra I wouldn’t have guessed that this tiny quiet girl, who at first was reluctant to talk and told us all she had nothing to write about, was captain of her school’s 4-time winning cheer team. Her story of how she got there was inspiring, and even more inspiring was watching her unfold into a true writer. I compete to fight to the top, although there is no path there. I like taking a step forward knowing I can trip. My shoes aren’t always tied, and there will always be cracks and bumps on the floor, but I will tie my shoes, and nothing will stop me from taking another step forward and wanting to run. If you let your untied shoes, your role model’s downfall, your background, or a family crisis stop you from playing full out for your goals, I hope the spirit of Benita, Jorge, Jennifer and Sandra inspires you to keep reaching, fighting, and celebrating.

The Odyssey Quotes Explained

The Odyssey, an epic poem by Homer, tells the tale of war hero Odysseus and his long journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. Odysseus is known for his wit, craft, and cunning, traits he uses to escape danger and eventually return to Ithaca. The quotes that follow contain some of the most important examples of Odysseus cunning, as well as the importance of other key characters and the significance of poetry and storytelling throughout the text. â€Å"Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turnsdriven time and again off course, once he had plunderedthe hallowed heights of Troy.Many cities of men he saw and learned their minds,many pains he suffered, heartsick on the open sea,fighting to save his life and bring his comrades home.But he could not save them from disaster, hard as he strove  Ã¢â‚¬â€the recklessness of their own ways destroyed them all,the blind fools, they devoured the cattle of the Sunand the Sungod wiped from sight the day of their return.Launch out on his story, Muse, daughter of Zeus,start from where you will  Ã¢â‚¬â€sing for our time too.†(1.1-12) These opening lines provide a brief synopsis of the plot of the poem. The passage begins with an invocation of the muse and a request for the story of the man of twists and turns. As readers, we learn that we are about to hear the tale of Odysseus—â€Å"the man of twists and turns—who went on a long, difficult journey and attempted (but failed) to bring his comrades home.   The unidentified narrator then requests, â€Å"Launch out on his story, Muse, daughter of Zeus, / start from where you will.† Indeed, The Odyssey starts not at the beginning of Odysseus journey but in the middle of the action: 20 years after his initial departure from Ithaca. By jumping forward and backward in time, Homer provides important details at crucial moments without interrupting the narrative flow. â€Å"Odysseus, master of many exploits, praised the singer:I respect you, Demodocus, more than any man alive —surely the Muse has taught you, Zeus’s daughter,or god Apollo himself. How true to life,all too true . . . you sing the Achaeans’ fate,all they did and suffered, all they soldiered through,as if you were there yourself or heard from one who was.But come now, shift your ground. Sing of the wooden horse.Epeus built with Athena’s help, the cunning trap thatgood Odysseus brought one day to the heights of Troy,filled with fighting men who laid the city waste.Sing that for me —true to life as it deserves —and I will tell the world at once how freelythe Muse gave you the gods’ own gift of song.†(8.544-558) In these lines, Odysseus asks the blind bard Demodocus to regale him with his own story—the story of the Trojan War. Odysseus praises Demodocus for his skill as a storyteller, which surely the Muse has taught [him], and his ability to express powerful, true to life emotions and experiences. Later on in this scene, Odysseus himself weeps as he listens to the tale Demodocus tells. This scene offers insight into the performance of epic poems during Homers era. Poetry was considered a divine gift, bestowed upon storytellers by the muses and capable of inspiring powerful emotions. At the same time, poetic activity was also considered a type of rote work, as storytellers had vast repertories of tales that listeners could request. These lines convey the power and importance of storytelling in the world of The Odyssey, which is itself one of the most famous epic poems in world literature. â€Å"So, you ask me the name I’m known by, Cyclops?I will tell you. But you must give me a guest-giftas you’ve promised. Nobody  Ã¢â‚¬â€that’s my name. Nobody  Ã¢â‚¬â€so my mother and father call me, all my friends.But he boomed back at me from his ruthless heart,‘Nobody? I’ll eat Nobody last of all his friends  Ã¢â‚¬â€I’ll eat the others first! That’s my gift to you!†(9.408-14) In this scene, Odysseus uses his wit to escape death by telling the cyclops Polyphemus that his name is â€Å"nobody. After Polyphemus falls asleep, Odysseus and his comrades stab and blind him. Polyphemus cries for help, shouting that Nobodys killing me now by fraud and not by force, but the other Cyclopes misunderstand the statement, believing that Polyphemus is not being killed at all. This scene is representative of Odysseus characteristic trickery. Unlike other classical heroes who overpower their antagonists through brute force, Odysseus uses wordplay and clever schemes to escape danger. The scene is also significant because it provokes the wrath of Polyphemus father Poseidon, who serves as Odysseus primary antagonist for the remainder of his journey. â€Å"Any man —any god who met you —would have to besome champion lying cheat to get past youfor all-round craft and guile! You terrible man,foxy, ingenious, never tired of twists and tricks —so, not even here, on native soil, would you give upthose wily tales that warm the cockles of your heart!Come, enough of this now. We’re both old handsat the arts of intrigue. Here among mortal menyou’re far the best at tactics, spinning yarns,and I am famous among the gods for wisdom,cunning wiles, too.Ah, but you never recognized me, did you?Pallas Athena, daughter of Zeus —who alwaysstands beside you, shields you in every exploit:thanks to me the Phaeacians all embraced you warmly.And now I am here once more, to weave a scheme with youand to hide the treasure-trove Phaeacia’s nobleslavished on you then —I willed it, planned it sowhen you set out for home —and to tell you allthe trials you must suffer in your palace...†(13.3 29-48) Athena speaks these lines, revealing her identity, after Odysseus has finally returned to the shores of Ithaca. Athena defines herself as Odysseus helper, ally, and protector; as the goddess presiding over intelligent warfare and the crafts, she is eager to â€Å"weave a scheme† in order to get rid of the suitors threatening Odysseus domain over Ithaca. During the reunion, Athena is full of admiration, categorizing both herself and the cunning Odysseus as â€Å"old hands at the arts of intrigue. â€Å"Give the boy the name I tell you now. Just as Ihave come from afar, creating pain for many —men and women across the good green earth —so let his name be Odysseus...the Son of Pain, a name he’ll earn in full.†(19.460-464) These lines, spoken by Odysseus grandfather Autolycus, offer insight into the origins of Odysseus name. We learn that Autolycus named Odysseus when the hero was an infant. The passage includes another example of word play: the name â€Å"Odysseus† is associated with the Greek verb odussomai—to feel anger toward, to rage or hate. True to his own name, Odysseus both causes and experiences pain throughout his travels. Strange man,wary Penelope said. â€Å"I’m not so proud, so scornful,nor am I overwhelmed by your quick change...You look —how well I know —the way he looked,setting sail from Ithaca years agoaboard the long-oared ship.Come, Eurycleia,move the sturdy bedstead out of our bridal chamber —that room the master built with his own hands,Take it out now, sturdy bed that it is,and spread it deep with fleece,blankets and lustrous throws to keep him warm.(23.192-202) At this point in the poem, Penelope has already tricked the suitors by weaving and unweaving Laertes’ funeral shroud, as well as by making them compete in a rigged game of bow and arrows that only Odysseus could win. Now, in these lines, Penelope tests her very own husband. Odysseus has returned to Ithaca, but Penelope does not yet believe that its really him. As a test, she slyly asks the housekeeper Eurycleia to move their marital bed from her chambers. This is an impossible task, as the bed is built out of an olive tree and cannot be moved, and Odysseus immediate reaction confirms to Penelope that he is indeed her husband. This final trial proves not only that Odysseus has returned at last, but also that Penelopes cunning equals that of her husband.

The Character Quoyle in Annie Proulxs The Shipping News...

The greatest barrier to success is the fear of failure - Sven Goran Eriksson. Success is an achievement in life which most people would be appreciative towards, but failure is looked upon in a disgraceful manner. People in society tend to face many challenges that occur in their daily lives. Some of these challenges can affect their lives dramatically in a positive or negative way. If one decides not to surmount their challenges they will suffer within themselves for a long period of time. Having confidence within is considered the greatest way to overcome suffering in life. In the novel, The Shipping News, by Annie Proulx, Quoyle deals with many difficult challenges along his life journey by suffering from bad childhood experiences†¦show more content†¦Quoyle, the main character in the novel, had a rough childhood which was one of the main reasons towards his low confidence level. Quoyle would always get pushed around and walked on which is just like the meaning of his name , Quoyle is a rope that is always tangled together and usually on the floor where people step all over it, which is very similar to Quoyle as a character because his life is also tangled and confusing and he too gets walked all over and pushed around by others. A quote that illustrates how Quoyle felt about his childhood would be, ?This gave me an uneasy feeling, the feeling of standing on a playground watching others play games whose rules I didn?t know.? (Proulx, 63) This demonstrates that even as an adult Quoyle had bad memories as a child that is locked into his mind. Quoyle?s physical appearance has been a great embarrassment for him because he feels as if he is ?ugly? because of his ?monstrous chin? as he calls it and it is shown in the novel that Quoyle hates his chin as well, ?Quoyle put his hand over his chin.? (Proulx, 20) This is one of the constant actions Quoyle does which shows that he is unhappy with his outer appearance. As a child Quoyle has always been isolated, he would always get teased, picked on and pushed around by other and most of the time it would be his brother and father. One of the main reasons he disliked his family was becauseShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"To succeed in life, you need two things: ignorance and confidence â€Å"Mark. In Annie Proulx’s The800 Words   |  4 Pagesneed two things: ignorance and confidence â€Å"Mark. In Annie Proulx’s The Shipping News the main character Quoyle suffers from a lack of confidence which had started when he was very young being picked on at school and getting harassed at home by his father and brother they were the ones responsible for Quoyles terrible self-image. Quoyles experiences made him think that he cannot do anything right and thinks he will never amount to anything. Quoyle changes from a quiet introvert to a confident individualRead MoreThe Shipping News by Annie Proulx-Navigating the Global Hsc English Extension 11874 Words   |  8 PagesExtension English 1- Assessm ent Task 2-The Shipping News-Task 2(a) Formal Response-By Henri Rutherford Annie Proulx’s prose fiction novel ‘The Shipping News’ explores the complexities of individual’s navigation in our modern and increasingly globalised society. Proulx would agree with the statement ‘The global cannot be all bad nor the local all good. In our lives today, the two must coexist and we must learn to navigate both’, and her text provides evidence to this effect. The novel does notRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on the World Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagescommunities can gain from the influence of globalisation, an intrusion of global values upon small local communities can result in confusion and loss of sense of identity amongst individuals. Sophia Coppola’s film ‘lost in translation’, Annie Proulx novel ‘The Shipping News’ and novel ‘the God of Small Things’ by Arandhati Roy all explore the challenges that individuals and communities face in accepting a balance between the local a nd the global and using this balance to find direction. Lost in TranslationRead MoreRobertson Davies Fifth Business, Anne Proulxs The Shipping News, Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion, and Jack Hodgins The Invention of the Wo4018 Words   |  17 Pagesfactor in ones identity because place shapes character and events. Robertson Davies Fifth Business, E. Anne Proulxs The Shipping News, Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion, and Jack Hodgins The Invention of the World use myth and lore to describe the obstacles which the protagonists and others must get over or confront in order to recover their perspective identities. Place anchors the novels in Canada: Fifth Business in Ontario, The Shipping News in Newfoundland, In the Skin of a Lion in Toronto

Change Management The Komatsu Case Free Essays

string(82) " developing the V 10 plan, aiming to reduce costs by 10% while improving quality\." Organizations are in constant interactions with their environments.   A change in the environment will subsequently cause a change in the organization that interacts with it.   This change can be positive or negative, and in both cases, it alters the organization’s status on many different levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Change Management: The Komatsu Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Dealing with this change on all the levels is a key factor in minimizing disruptions to the organization’s functioning and growth.   In other words, change management is â€Å"a managerial and organizational process that realigns an organizations strategy, structure and process in pro-action or reaction to chaos in the environment† (Worthy et. al., 1996, p. 16).   The process of change management, and how it influences an organization’s strategy and management, is analyzed herewith in context of the Komatsu company. Brief History Komatsu Iron Works was a subsidiary of Takeuchi Mining Industry, manufacturing industrial tools for the parent company.   In 1921, the founder of the company, Mr. Takeuchi, incorporated Komatsu Ltd. as an independent company.   Komatsu originally manufactured mining equipment, but started making agricultural equipment such as tractors by 1931.   During the second world war, it was an important manufacturer of tanks, bulldozers, and other heavy machinery.   Post-war, Komatsu began focusing on the earth moving equipment (EME market).   In the 1950s, the company’s machinery was in demand because of the ongoing postwar construction in Japan.   Although its customer base was strong at that time, Komatsu did not command a significant market share, and the quality of its machines was inadequate.   This was a major factor in customer dissatisfaction, however, the Japanese manufacturers operated in a protected environment at that time, with no significant foreign competit ors. In 1963, the Japanese Ministry of Trade allowed the entry of foreign EME manufacturers in Japan.   This signaled a complete change in Komatsu’s market environment.   Now the competition extended to foreign counterparts, most of whom had long been established as market leaders in the EME category.   The following sections discuss Komatsu’s strategies for managing these challenges, and how they dealt with change in the process. Competition Major heavy machinery manufacturers like Caterpillar, J.I. Case, Fiat-Ellis and John Deere were all technologically more advanced than Komatsu, and had widespread dealer networks and manufacturing bases.   The most formidable competitor in the EME segment was Caterpillar, the world’s largest manufacturer of heavy machinery.   Caterpillar’s equipment was much more sophisticated and of a higher quality, and its distributor and dealer network was very solid.   Komatsu realized then that it was imperative for the company to upgrade its products and operations, in order to survive the competition. The company was headed at the time by Yashinari Kawai, who recognized the urgent need to revamp the company’s product quality, both technically and functionally.   In order to bring Komatsu products up to date, the company signed licensing arrangements with two major EME manufacturers, International Harvester and Bucyrus Erie.   This gave Komatsu the opportunity to improve the equipment quality for the agricultural and the industrial sector. In addition, Kawai implemented the Japanese concept of TQC (Total quality Control), which led to a huge improvement in the performance, reliability, and durability of the equipment.   This was one of the major change management challenges that Kawai handled successfully.   Kawai realized that in order to change the customers’ perception of Komatsu products, it was first necessary to change the employees’ own view of the kind of products that the company made. Changing the mindset of every employee and incorporating the philosophy of uncompromised quality at every level in the company required a strong, skillful leader.   Kawai manouvered this change implementation by open communication, reward, and most importantly, setting an example for all employees by involving everyone from the top management to the shopfloor workers, in this endeavor.  Ã‚   When Komatsu was awarded the Deming Prize for quality control just 3 years later, it served as a huge morale booster for the company. Another major change measure implemented at this time was Project A.   In the first phase of this project, the employees were instructed to ignore costs and concentrate solely on achieving the best possible quality for their equipment.   Once this goal was achieved, the second phase of Project A was implemented, focusing on cost reduction.   Each and every aspect of design and manufacturing was closely scrutinized, checking for bottlenecks and wastage of resources. This resulted in a lean, finely-tuned manufacturing process, that complemented the high quality of Komatsu’s equipment.   From 1965 to 1970, the company’s domestic market share grew from 50% to 65%, despite the presence of Mitsubishi-Caterpillar.   According to Kawai, this feat was achieved largely due to the employee morale and drive at Komatsu.   In his words, â€Å"the prevailing atmosphere was that of a crisis, resulting in a spirit of unity between the management and the staff†.   This company-wide presence of a common goal took precedence over management and labor issues, and resulted in highly successful change management. Komatsu had implemented a two-pronged strategy to achieve success – vertical integration and TQC.   Vertical integration meant that the entire line of business had to be perfectly aligned and free of defects, right from the bottom.   To ensure this, they started with quality raw materials.   The second aspect was TQC – incorporating the philosophy of quality control everywhere and within everyone in the company.   Komatsu also extended the TQC strategy to its dealerships, encouraging them to implement the system.   This strategy of tackling the problem at the root and improvising upon it was the key to strong growth, and enabled Komatsu to offer formidable competition to Caterpillar – accomplishing what other companies such as J.I. Case and John Deere could not. Business Environment From the time Komatsu started implementing change, the business environment was constantly shifting, in terms of demand, cost advantage, and regulations.   By mid-1970s, the domestic market for EME was stagnating, with Komatsu having 60% of the market, and the Mitsubishi-Caterpillar partnership having 30%.   Growth was slowing down in the less developed countries too.   Komatsu’s management responded by developing the V 10 plan, aiming to reduce costs by 10% while improving quality. You read "Change Management: The Komatsu Case" in category "Essay examples"   In 1976, an unexpected event in the financial markets caused further concern.   The Japanese Yen was appreciating rapidly against the dollar, rising from 293 in 1976 to 240 in 1977.   To cushion the company’s exports, Komatsu’s management followed an internal exchange rate of 180 yen to the dollar.   This ensured that Komatsu’s costs and pricing were well-adjusted to the market conditio ns, and their exports did not suffer.   Komatsu’s policy of anticipating change and fortifying the company against any adverse effects again worked to its advantage. Problems faced by Komatsu Exporting their equipment to other countries had always been a part of Komatsu’s vision.   This goal constituted the company’s Project B.   With their improved and technically capable equipment, by 1970 Kawai was eager to launch major international operations for the company.   However, there were considerable barriers to this end – Komatsu’s limited international recognition and dealer base, fierce competition, and legal regulations. The technology license that it had obtained from International Harvester and Bucyrus Erie had imposed export restrictions on them.   Komatsu recognized this as an impediment, and established its RD laboratory in 1966.   But there were still significant requirements for establishing an international market presence.   Caterpillar, for example, had its dealership centers across the globe, some of which were exclusive dealerships.   This made it difficult for Komatsu, with its relatively limited product line and manufacturing base, to create the required dealer network.   In order to overcome this obstacle, Komatsu priced its products 30 to 40 percent below Caterpillar’s.   This allowed them to get the intial foothold in the international markets.   Komatsu also benefited from the increased demand for construction machinery in less developed countres in Asia and Mexico, and in Saudi Arabia. In the 1970s, Komatsu had also started expanding its product line.   Ryoichi Kawai, now the president of Komatsu, made special efforts to build and develop international client and dealer relationships.   He also instructed managers to regularly visit customers, and get first hand information on their requirements and issues.   Keeping abreast of technological changes and being one of the first to adopt and incorporate new technology in its equipment was a key factor to success. Komatsu incorporated electronic technology into all its machinery, creating differentiated, high quality products.   In 1979, the worldwide construction industry was at a low.   To combat the depressed economy, Komatsu’s management launched the â€Å"F and F† or Future and Frontiers program, formulated to develop new products and new businesses.   Once again, a companywide buzz was created, and suggestions were welcomed from every level within the company.   These suggestions resulted in the production of diverse new products such as arc-welding robots and an excavating system for deep-sea sand. In the early 1980s, Komatsu objected to the export restrictions which still continued to be imposed on it by Bucyrus Erie.   Komatsu won this appeal and gained export rights from Bucyrus Erie.   It also managed to free itself from the agreement with International Harvester, and gained full freedom to export its equipment worldwide.   This was a major milestone for Komatsu, and the company took full advantage of its established quality and dealerships.   It also capitalized on the embargo that prevented Caterpillar from exporting to Russia in the early 1980s.   In 1981, the Siberian Natural Resource Project was handed over entirely to Komatsu.   In a short while, Komatsu was expected to outperform Caterpillar in the Russian market. As their international customer base increased, so did the need for customized equipment for different countries, based on the type of work, environment, and legal regulations.   Designing customized equipment for each customer separately was not cost effective.   To counter this, the management adopted the policy of EPOCHS – Efficient Production-Oriented Choice Specifications.   The idea was to save costs by standardizing production modules for core projects along with the required number of parts, and adding different specifications as necessary. Around this time, the increasing freight and shipping costs, and Japan’s strained trade relations with the US and Europe were increasingly becoming a cause for concern.   It was during this time that the US automakers opposed the import of Japanese cars in the market, and Komatsu was fearful that a similar plea might be raised by Caterpillar and other heavy-machinery manufacturers. In order to curb these potential problems, Komatsu manufactured the core parts of its equipment in all its plants.   This reduced the shipping frequency as well as the freight costs.   It also developed assembly bases in Brazil and Mexico, and was working on a joint venture proposal with its dealer in Indonesia. Current Situation and Options The case refers to the scenario in 1984, a period of recession around the world.   The building and construction industry was also affected, with most players assuming some losses.   The biggest source of concern for Komatsu, however, was Caterpillar.   Caterpillar had experienced its third consecutive year of losses, and was in the midst of a major labor strike.   Kawai knew that this was an opportunity to take over where Caterpillar faltered – but it was also an indication of the increasingly difficult   business environment.   Witnessing a large, successful company like Caterpillar struggling to retain its position in the market, Kawai became concerned about Komatsu, and what it could do to avoid being in a similar situation. Komatsu’s options were centered around keeping a close watch on the market and on Caterpillar.   Komatsu employees were in the habit of reading Caterpillar’s monthly news bulletins and press releases, in order to stay informed regarding their competitor’s activities and plans.   Komatsu also realized the need to keep its labor force functioning, and continue keeping the costs down.   Their international operations also had to be strengthened at this time, capitalizing on Caterpillar’s compromised position.  Ã‚   These options are evaluated in the following section. Recommendations In keeping with its established policy, Komatsu should place particular emphasis on anticipating change and devising measures to optimize the benefits while curbing the negative effects.   To an extent, it was complacency that had cost Caterpillar – the managers’ priority was on increasing the customer base without addressing customer value or employee needs.   Therefore, managing labor relations is one of the most important issues for Komatsu.   The workers at Komatsu earn significantly lesser than their counterparts at Caterpillar.   However, this is offset by high employee morale and  Ã‚   strong labor-management relations.   Maintaining this status is extremely important for Komatsu, both in terms of employee productivity and controlling costs by minimizing overhead. The second recommendation for Komatsu would be to strengthen its international presence.   With the capital that it has accumulated, Komatsu is in a position to either buy out a number of smaller competitors, or acquire a successful ally.   This would further consolidate Komatsu’s manufacturing operations and distributor channels.   It should also continue its RD efforts and product diversification plans, and stay ahead of the competition.   If necessary, Komatsu can form a joint venture with a company to ease the manufacturing and operations of diversified products. References Worley, C.G., Hitchen, D.E., Ross, W.L. (1996). Integrated strategic change: How OD builds a competitive advantage. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. How to cite Change Management: The Komatsu Case, Essay examples

The Black Plague Essays - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic, Epidemics

The Black Plague : From the early fourteenth to late seventeenth century, Europe was decimated by one of the most horrifying pestilence's human kind has ever known(Coulton 493). The killer's name was later to be recognized by the detrimental consummation it had seized upon a person's life. It was known as the Black Plague. This terrible epidemic exhausted small towns across Europe, including the British Isles, brutally killing an incredulous amount of people. The disease had wiped out entire villages leaving dead bodies to decompose within the gutters of streets and corners of allies(Ziegler 17). Though people were introduced to the severity of the plague, they were still mystified as to the causes of the deadly disease. Because of this fact, a parade of unconfirmed myths and questionable facts had arisen concerning the sources of the abhorrent epidemic for over five centuries(Coulton 493). In the nineteenth century, the causes of the terrifying pestilence was discovered and the Black Death was no longer a conundrum. One myth, of the origin of the deadly plague was said to be a result of medieval gas warfare. Yet another myth, stated that the murderous disease was an aftereffect of a great earthquake that occurred in Europe. Scientists even believed that the epidemic was caused by Paolilli 2 heaps of unburned corpses left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 80). The last proven cause of the pestilence was found to be a disease of rats and other related animals(Rowling 186). One of the myths as to the cause of the Black Plague is quite an unusual story that was formed by peoples unexplainable imaginations. One of the probable derivations of the epidemic supposedly was born in a terrible war that had occurred between the deadly waters of the Indian Ocean and the sun(Ziegler 14). The immense waters of the treacherous blue ocean were lifted up like a solid wall of concrete to fight the flaming sun. As the wall stood in the midst of the air still touching the base of the water, dangerous vapors began to disperse from the water. The high winds spurred the poisonous fumes spurred out in every direction(Ziegler 14). The plague reached the nearby lands and the epidemic began to take it's murderous route. This myth arose from small villages as people spread rumor after rumor from the stories they had once heard as to the unexplainable causes of the plague. Though this tale is entirely nonsensical, people were still mystified because of the secrecy as to the causes that they were eager to believe any explanation that there was to offer concerning the deadly plague. Paolilli 3 Another myth, as to the beginning of the dreadful virus, is it arose from poisonous fumes as a direct result of earthquakes that occurred during the Medieval times. It was stated that a horrendous amount of pressure had been building up underneath the Earth for several years(Ziegler 21). Poisonous gases then began to stir amongst each other. Then terrible earthquakes had rocked Europe and the poisonous fumes, that were once enclosed by the several layers of earth, were now being released through cracks into the atmosphere. This viperous cloud streamed across Europe and killed each individual who it met(Ziegler 21). Next, it was stated that the epidemic was caused by innumerable layers of unburned corpses that were left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 81). A man named Galen had stated, The infection arose from 'Inspiration of air infected with a putrid exhalation. The beginning of the putrescence may be a multitude of unburned corpses, as may happen in war; or the exhalations of marshes and ponds in the summer?'(Ziegler 22). A Dr. Crighton also supported the findings that the plague had originated within the piles of dead corpses that were left unburied. He stated that specific incidents that would explain the tremendous amount of people left dead are directly related to the tragedies that had struck Paolilli 4 China(Ziegler 24). He also concluded that, the probable reason why there was such a high death rate among church affiliated persons is the dead were buried in churchyards where the priests and monks lived close to. The church related people had obtained cadaveric poisoning from the enormous amount of dead bodies and diseases

Importance of biofuels Essays

Importance of biofuels Essays Importance of biofuels Essay Importance of biofuels Essay Abstraction World demand for energy has been projected to duplicate by 2050 and be more than three-base hit by the terminal of the century. Since industrial revolution in the 1850s, the human ingestion of fossil fuels has been one of the turning causes of international concern and malaise among some industrial states. The grounds for which can be attributed to the quickly consuming militias of fossil fuels. Over the past few decennaries, with the successes achieved in familial technology engineering, progresss made in the field of biofuels offer the lone immediate solution to fossil fuels. Soon, most of the ethyl alcohol in usage is produced either from amylum or sugar, but these beginnings have non proven to be sufficient to run into the turning planetary fuel demands. However, transition of abundant and renewable cellulosic biomass into alternate beginnings of energy seems to be an effectual and promising solution. But for this engineering to go feasible there is a demand to develop inexpensive and sustainable beginnings of cellulases along with extinguishing the demand for pretreatment procedures. The reappraisal therefore aims to supply a brief overview about the demand and importance of biofuels peculiarly bioethanol with regard to the turning environmental concerns along with an pressing demand to turn to the bing jobs about cost-optimisation and big scale production of biofuels. 1.0 Introduction Biofuels are liquid fuels derived from workss. Currently, first coevals biofuels are extensively being produced and used. These are generated utilizing amylum, sugar, veggie oils and animate being fats utilizing reasonably expensive conventional engineering. In recent old ages, the fact that production of ethyl alcohol from cellulosic and lignocellulosic stuff is being hindered due to inadequate engineering to enable efficient and economically feasible methods to interrupt down the multipolymeric natural stuff has gained broad popularity ( Vermaet Al, 2010 ) . Therefore, there is a demand to develop efficient systems for the production of cellulases and other cellulose degrading enzymes. Lignocellulosic biofuels are therefore likely to be seen as a portion of the portfolio of solutions being offered to cut down high energy monetary values, including more efficient energy usage along with the usage of other alternate fuels ( Coyle, 2007 ) . 1.1 Importance of biofuels: Factors like the finite crude oil militias and invariably lifting demands for energy by the industrialised every bit good as the extremely populated states ( on their Manner to industrialization ) like India and Chinas have made it perfectly necessary to look into surrogate and efficient methods to replace these fuels in future ( Stephanopoulos, 2008 ) . Besides, concerns like steep rise in fossil fuel monetary values in the recent old ages, increasing concerns about clime alteration like planetary heating, insecurity and unrest among authoritiess due to their consuming natural militias are merely a few factors that define an pressing demand for a sustainable way towards renewable fuel engineering development ( Stephanopoulos, 2008 ) . Among the assorted types of alternate fuels considered ( liquid fuels from coal and/or biomass with and without C gaining control and storage ( CCS ) ) , biofuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer the most clean and sustainable option to fossi l fuels basically because of their cost fight as opposed to the current expensive methods of ethanol production from sugar cane and maize ( Stephanopoulos, 2008 ) ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) . The planetary production and usage of biofuels has increased enormously in recent old ages, from 18.2 billion liters in 2000 to about 60.6 billion liters in 2007. It has been estimated that approximately 85 % of this sum is bioethanol ( Coyle, 2007 ) . This addition is chiefly a consequence of the grounds stated above along with lifting concerns about planetary heating and nursery gas emanations due to inordinate dodo fuels usage since biofuels are carbon-neutral and cut down green house emanations ( Sainz, 2009 ) . Besides, one of the factors lending to the viability of biofuels as an alternate transit fuel is their easiness of compatibility with our bing liquid fuel substructure ( Sainz, 2009 ) . An of import measure in the production of biofuels is the dislocation of cellulose fibers by the enzymes capable of degrading it. But the production of these enzymes is still an expensive undertaking due to their production in big micro-organism bioreactors. One method for the cheap production of these enzymes is the usage of transgenic workss as heterologic protein production systems ( Danna, 2001 ; Kusnadiet Al. , 1997 ; Twymanet Al. , 2003 ) . Plant based enzyme production offers advantages over the traditional bacterial and fungous civilizations by being commercially feasible and peculiarly attractive since in workss, the coveted protein can be made to roll up at high degrees i.e. at even greater degrees than 10 % of entire soluble protein ( Greyet Al, 2008 ) . Another major economic advantage of plant-based protein production over one that is microorganism-based is in the scale-up of protein look. Whereas scale-up of microbic systems implies big purchase and care costs for big fermentors and related equipment, scale-up of plant-based protein merchandise would merely necessitate planting of more seeds and harvest home of a larger country ( Grayet Al, 2008 ) . Cellulase showing transgenic workss may therefore offer important capital cost nest eggs over more traditional cellulase production via cellulolytic Fungis or bacteriums ( Greyet Al, 2008 ) . Ethanol is an intoxicant fuel presently made from the sugars found in grains, such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, every bit good as murphy teguments, rice, sugar cane, sugar Beta vulgariss, molasses and yard cuttings. Presently, there are two methods employed for the production of bioethanol. In the first procedure, sugar harvests or amylum are grown and fermented to bring forth ethyl alcohol. The 2nd procedure, of course oil bring forthing workss like Jatropha and algae are utilised to bring forth oils which can straight be utilised as fuel for Diesel engines after heating them to cut down their viscousness. However, presently, it is majorly being produced from amylum ( Corn in US ) and sugar ( Sugarcane in Brazil ) beginnings. Harmonizing to the latest statistics ( in 2008 ) , USA and Brazil ( fig. 1 ) were the major manufacturers of fuel ethyl alcohol by bring forthing 51.9 % and 37.3 % of planetary bioethanol severally ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/ # E ) . Brazil particularly produces ethyl alcohol to a big extent from agitation of sugar cane sugar to provide to one-fourth of its land transit demands ( Sticklen, 2008 ) .Similarly, to run into portion of its ain demands ; United States produces ethyl alcohol from maize. Unfortunately, inspite of being breakthrough developments, the production of ethyl alcohol by this method is non cost-efficient and hardly manages to run into less than approximately 15 % of the state s demands ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Their usage as energy harvests is therefore presenting to be inappropriate since these are primar y nutrient beginnings, and are unstable from the point of views of long-run supply and cost ( Sainz, 2009 ) . The limitations on available land and the lifting monetary value force per unit areas would shortly restrict the production of grain and maize based ethyl alcohol to less than 8 % in the US conveyance fuel mix ( Tyner, 2008 ) . Similarly, in malice of a predicted addition to 79.5 billion liters by 2022 in ethanol production from sugar cane in Brazil, this engineering would finally be limited by the same agro-economic factors impacting the grain and the maize based ethyl alcohol production ( Sainz, 2009 ) . For e.g. the usage of maize for production of ethyl alcohol has led to an addition in the monetary values of farm animal and domestic fowl since it is the chief amylum constituent of the carnal provender. Therefore, there is an pressing demand for new and sustainable engineerings for a important part of biofuels towards the advancement of renewable beginnings of energy and the decrease of nursery gases ( Sainz, 2009 ) . Therefore, the benefits of a high efficiency of carbohydrate recovery compared to other engineerings and the possibilities of engineering betterment due to breakthrough procedures in biotechnology, offer cost-competitive solutions for bioethanol production, therefore doing the 2nd coevals or lignocellulosic beginnings the most attractive option the big scale production of biofuels ( Wyman et al, 2005 ) . 3.0 Potential of cellulosic bioethanol Cellulosic ethanolis a biofuel produced from wood, grasses, or the non-edible parts of workss. It is a type of biofuel produced frombreaking down of lignocellulose, a tough structural stuff that comprises much of the mass of workss and provides them rigidness and structural stableness ( Coyle, 2007 ) . Lignocellulose is composed chiefly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin ( Carroll and Sommerville, 2009 ) . Another factor that makes the production of cellulosic bioethanol a promising measure in future is that unlike maize and sugar cane, its production is non dependent on any feedcrop since cellulose is the universe s most widely available biological stuff that can be obtained from widely available low-value stuffs like wood waste, widely turning grasses and harvest wastes and manures ( Coyle, 2007 ) . But production of ethyl alcohol from lignocellulose requires a greater sum of processing to do the sugar monomers available to the micro-organisms that are typically used to bring forth ethyl alcohol by agitation. Bioethanol is one fuel that is expected to be in great planetary demand in the coming old ages since its merely chief demand is the abundant supply of biomass either straight from workss or from works derived stuffs including carnal manures. It is besides a clean fuel as it produces fewer air-borne pollutants than crude oil, has a low toxicity and is readily biodegradable. Furthermore, the usage of cellulosic biomass allows bioethanol production in states with climes that are unsuitable for harvests such as sugar cane or maize. For illustration, the usage of rice straw for the production of ethyl alcohol is an attractive end given that it comprises 50 % of the word s agronomic biomass ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Though cellulosic ethyl alcohol is a assuring fuel from an environmental point of position, its industrial production and commercialization has non been come oning successfully. This can chiefly be attributed to the high cost of production of cellulose degrading enzymes -Cellulases ( Lyndet.al, 1996 ) . Yet another really of import factor is the pretreatment of lignocellulosic content in the biomass to let cellulases and hemicellulases to perforate and interrupt the cellulose in the cell wall. These two stairss together incur really high costs and are a hinderance in efficient production of cellulosic bioethanol. Thus works familial technology is the best alternate to bioreactors for an cheap production of these enzymes ( cellulases and hemicellulases ) . It can besides be used to modify the lignin content/amount to cut down the demand for expensive pretreatment ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . 4.0 The copiousness and construction of cellulose Photosynthetic beings such as workss, algae and some bacteriums produce more than 100 million metric tons of organic affair each twelvemonth from the arrested development of C dioxide. One-half of this biomass is made up of the biopolymer cellulose which, as a consequence, is possibly the most abundant It is the most common organic compound on Earth. Cellulose comprises about 33 per centum of all works affair, 90 per centum of cotton is composed of cellulose and so is around 50 per centum of wood ( Britannica encyclopaedia, 2008 ) . Higher works tissues such as trees, cotton, flax, sugar Beta vulgaris residues, ramee, cereal straw, etc represent the chief beginnings of cellulose. This saccharide supermolecule is the chief structural component of the cell wall of the bulk of workss. Cellulose is besides a major constituent of wood every bit good as cotton and other fabric fibers such as linen, hemp and jute. Cellulose and its derived functions are one of the chief stuffs of usage for industrial development ( paper, nitrocellulose, cellulose ethanoate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose ( CMC ) etc. ) and they represent a considerable economic investing ( P A ; eacute ; rez and Mackie, 2001 ) . Cellulose and lignin are the major combustible constituents of non-food energy harvests. Some of the illustrations of non-feed industrial harvests are baccy, miscanthus, industrial hemp, Populus ( poplar ) species and Salix ( willow ) . Celluloseserves as one of the major opposition to external chemical, mechanical, or biological disturbances in workss. This opposition ofcelluloseto depolymerization is offered by its happening as extremely crystalline polymer fibres ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) .it occur in workss in two crystalline signifiers, I-aand I- A ; szlig ; ( Nishiyama et al, 2002 ) ( Nishiyama et al, 2003 ) . The crystal constructions of both these signifiers suggest that H ( H ) bonding plays a cardinal function in finding the belongingss ofcellulose ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) .Thechemical expression of cellulose is ( C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n. It is a polysaccharide consisting of a additive concatenation of several hundred to over 10s thousand amp ; szlig ; ( 1? 4 ) linkedD- glucose unit ( Crawford, 1981 ) ( Updegraff, 1969 ) . This tough crystalline construction of cellulose molecules is turn outing to be a critical barrier in the production of cellulosic bioethanol as it is hard to breakdown the microfibr ils of crystalline cellulose to glucose ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) . 4.1 Primary construction of cellulose The chief signifier of cellulose found in higher workss is I- A ; szlig ; . The primary construction of cellulose as shown in figure 2, is a additive homopolymer of glucose residues holding theDconfiguration and connected by A ; szlig ; ( 1-4 ) glycosidic linkages ( Sun et al, 2009 ) . Basically, the happening of intrachain and interchain H bonds ( fig. 3 ) in cellulose constructions has been known to supply thermostability to its crystal composite ( Nishiyama, 2002 ) . Intrachain H bonds are known to raise the strength and stiffness of each polymer while the interchain bonds along with weak Wander-Waal s forces hold the two sheets together to supply a 2-D construction. This agreement makes the intrachain bonding stronger than that keeping the two sheets together ( Nishiyama, 2002 ) . The concatenation length and the grade of polymerization of glucose units determine many belongingss of the cellulose molecule like its rigidness and unsolvability compared to starch ( Shigeru et al, 2006 ) . Cellulose from different beginnings besides varies in concatenation lengths, for e.g. cellulose from wood mush has lengths between 300 and 1700 units while that from fiber workss and bacterial beginnings have concatenation lengths changing from 800 to 10,000 units ( Klemm et al, 2005 ) . Cellulose, a glucose polymer is the most abundant constituent in the cell wall. These cellulose molecules consist of long ironss of sugar molecules. The procedure of interrupting down these long ironss to liberate the sugar is called hydrolysis. This is so followed by agitation to bring forth bioethanol. Assorted enzymes are involved in the complex procedure of interrupting down glycosidic linkages in cellulose ( Vermaet Al, 2010 ) . These are together known as glycoside hydrolases and include endo- acting cellulases and exo-acting cellulases or cellobiohydrolase along with A ; szlig ; -glucosidase ( Ziegelhoffer, 2001 ) ( Ziegler, 2000 ) . In the cellulose hydrolysis procedure, endoglucanase foremost indiscriminately cleaves different parts of crystalline cellulose bring forthing concatenation terminals. Exoglucanase so attaches to the concatenation terminals and cleaves off the cellobiose units. The exoglucanase besides acts on parts of formless cellulose with open concatenation terminals without the demand for anterior endoglucanase activity. Finally A ; szlig ;-glucosidase breaks the bonds between the two glucose sugars of cellobiose to bring forth monomers of glucose ( Warren, 1996 ) . Soon, two methods are widely used for cellulose debasement on an industrial graduated table: Chemical hydrolysis: This is a traditional method in which, cellulose is broken down by the action of an acid, dilute and concentrated both acids can be used by changing the temperature and the pH consequently. The merchandise produced from this hydrolysis is so neutralised and fermented to bring forth ethyl alcohol. These methods are non really attractive due to the coevals of toxic agitation inhibitors. Enzymatic hydrolysis:Due to the production of harmful byproducts by chemical hydrolysis, the enzymatic method to breakdown cellulose into glucose monomers is mostly preferable. This allows interrupting down lignocellulosic stuff at comparatively milder conditions ( 50? C and pH5 ) , which leads to effectual cellulose dislocation. 6.0 Stairss involved in cellulosic ethyl alcohol ( bioethanol ) production procedure The first measure in the production of bioethanol, involves reaping lignocellulose from the feedstock harvests, compression and eventually its transit to a mill for ethyl alcohol production where it is stored in a ready signifier for transition. The 2nd measure is the remotion of lignin nowadays in the feedstock biomass by utilizing heat or chemical pre-treatment methods. This measure facilitates the dislocation of cell wall into intermediates and removes lignin so as to let cellulose to be exposed to cellulases, which so break down cellulose into sugar residues. Presently, cellulases are being produced as a combination of bacterial and fungous enzymes for such commercial intents ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . This is so followed by stairss like detoxification, neutralization and separation into solid and liquid constituents ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . The hydrolysis of these constituents so takes topographic point by the enzymes like cellulases and hemicellulases that are produced from microorganisms in the bioreactors ( Sticklen, 2008 ) .and eventually ; ethanol is produced by sugar agitation. The figure below ( fig. 4 ) depicts the chief stairss in the production of bioethanol: 7.0 Major cell wall constituents and the cardinal enzymes involved in their dislocation 6.1 Cellulose and cellulases:About 180 billion metric tons of cellulose is produced per twelvemonth by workss globally ( Festucciet Al, 2007 ) . In the primary and secondary cell walls, about 15-30 % and 40 % dry mass severally is made up of cellulose ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Till day of the month, it is the lone polyose being used for commercial production of cellulosic ethyl alcohol because of the commercial handiness of its deconstructing enzymes ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . As described above, three types of cellulases are involved in the dislocation of cellulose into sugars viz. , endoglucanases, exoglucanasees and A ; szlig ; glucosidase ( Ziegler, 2000 ) . 6.2 Hemicellulose and Xylanases:xyloglucans and hemicelluloses surround the cellulose microfibrils. So in order to interrupt cellulose units, specific enzymes are foremost required to first take the hemicellulose polyose. Hemicelluloses are diverse and formless and its chief component is A ; szlig ;-1, 4-xylan. Therefore, xylanases re the most bundant type of hemicellulases required to split the endo-and exo-activity ( Warren, 1996 ) . These are chiefly obtained from the FungiTrichoderma reesei,along with a big figure of bacteriums, barm and other Fungi which have been reported to produce1.4 A ; szlig ;-D xylanases. 6.3 Lignin and Laccasses:The major component of workss secondary cell wall is lignin. It accounts for about 10-25 % of entire works dry affair ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Unlike cellulose and hemicelluloses, the lignin polymer is non peculiarly additive and alternatively comprises of a composite of phenylpropanoid units which are linked in a 3-D web to cellulose and xylose with ester, phenyl and covalent bonds ( Carpita, 2002 ) . White putrefaction Fungi ( clairvoyance.Phanerochaete chrysosporiumandTrametes versicolour) are thought degrade lignin more expeditiously and quickly than any other studied micro-organisms ( DSouza, 1999 ) .P. Chrysosporiumgreen goodss laccases like ligninases or lignin peroxidase, which initiate the procedure of debasement of lignin and manganese dependant peroxidises ( Cullen, 1992 ) . 8.0 Production of cellulases and hemicellulases in baccy chloroplasts Protein technology methodological analysiss provide the best reply to concerns sing production of improved cellulases with decreased allosteric hinderance, improved tolerance to high temperatures and specific pH optima along with higher specific activity ( Sainz, 2009 ) . The tabular array below ( table 1 ) lists different type of cellulases and hemicellulases that have been expressed in works chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are green colored plastids that have their ain genome and are found in works cells and other eucaryotic beings like algae. The targeted look of foreign cistrons in works cell organs can be used to present coveted features in a contained and economically sustainable mode ( fig. 5 ) . It besides allows us to unite assorted other advantages like easy and efficient scalability along with being wholly free of animate being pathogens. Unlike most other methods of works familial technology, the major advantage with chloroplast transmutation is their feature of transgene containment i.e. transgenes in these plastids are non spread through pollen ( Verma and Daniell, 2007 ) . This implies that chloroplast familial transmutation is reasonably a safe one and does non present the hazard of bring forthing weedkiller immune weeds ( Ho and Cummins, 2005 ) . Chloroplast transmutation involves homologous recombination. Thisnot merely minimises the interpolation of unneeded Deoxyribonucleic acid that accompaniestransformation of the atomic genome, but besides allows precisetargeting of inserted cistrons, thereby besides avoiding theuncontrollable, unpredictable rearrangements and omissions oftransgene DNA every bit good as host genome Deoxyribonucleic acid at the site of insertionthat characterises atomic transmutation ( Nixon, 2001 ) . Another advantage of chloroplast transmutation is that foreign cistrons can be over-expressed due to the high cistron transcript figure, up to 100,000 compared with single-copy atomic cistrons ( Maliga, 2003 ) . While atomic transformants typically produce foreign protein up to 1 % TSP in transformed leaf tissue, with some exceeding transformants bring forthing protein at 5-10 % TSP, chloroplast transformants frequently accumulate foreign protein at 5-10 % TSP in transformed foliages, with exceeding transformants making every bit high as A ; gt ; 40 % TSP ( Maliga, 2003 ) . Research is needed to find the stableness of the biological activity of extracted plant-produced hydrolysis enzymes in TSP when stored under freezing conditions for different periods of clip before their usage in hydrolysis ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Two other of import and related countries for farther research are increasing the degrees of production and the biological activity of the heterologic enzymes ( Sticklen, 2008 ) .Many cell wall deconstructing enzymes have been isolated and characterised and more demand to be investigated for happening more enzymes that can defy higher transition temperatures and a scope of United States Public Health Service during pretreatment. Serious attempts to bring forth cellulosic ethyl alcohol on an industrial graduated table are already underway. Other than the Canadian Iorgen works, no commercial cellulosic ethyl alcohol works is yet in operation or under building ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . However, research in this country is afoot and support is becom A ; # xad ; ing available around the universe for this intent, from both governmental and commercial beginnings. For test A ; # xad ; ple, British Petroleum have donated half a billion dol A ; # xad ; lars to US establishments to develop new beginnings of energy chiefly biofuel harvests ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . 10.0 Decision The fact that maize ethyl alcohol produces more green house gas emanations than gasolene and that cellulosic ethyl alcohol from non-food harvests produces less green house gas emanations than electricity or H, is one of the factors that extremely favour production of ethyl alcohol from cellulosic biomass ( Verma, 2010 ) . However, biofuel production from lignocellulosic stuffs is a challenging job because of the many-sided nature of natural stuffs and deficiency of engineering to expeditiously and economically let go of fermentable sugars from the complex multi-polymeric natural stuffs ( Verma, 2010 ) . After decennaries of research aimed at cut downing the costs of microbic cellulases, their production is still expen A ; # xad ; sive ( Sticklen and Oraby, 2005 ) . One manner of diminishing such costs is to bring forth these enzymes within harvest biomass. Although some of import progresss have been made to put the foundations for works familial technology for biofuel production, this scientific discipline is still in its babyhood ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . A general challenge is to develop efficient systems for the familial transmutation of works systems for the production of cellulose degrading enzymes. Research is peculiarly needed to concentrate on the mark A ; # xad ; ing of these enzymes to multiple subcellular locations in order to increase degrees of enzyme production and bring forth enzymes with higher biological activities ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . A immense potency exists to bring forth larger sums of these enzymes in chloroplasts, and exciting advancement has been made in footing s of the harvests for which the chloroplast can now be genetically engineered. More attempts are nevertheless needed towards the development of systems to genetically engi amp ; # xad ; neer chloroplasts of biomass harvests such as cereals and perennial grasses ( Blaschke, 2006 ) . Some of the cardinal purposes of the undertaking would be: To characterize cell wall degrading enzymes Overexpression of cellulose complementary DNA in pET30 vector systems Initiation and word picture of proteins in different conditions The usage of baccy works as agencies of bring forthing cellulases through chloroplast familial technology to at the same time addresses the most of import inquiry of switching the agricultural land from provender harvests to biofuel harvests ( like maize and sugar cane at present ) along with the cost-efficient big graduated table production of cellulose degrading enzymes.

5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag

5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag 5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag 5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag By Mark Nichol A sentence tag is a word or phrase added to the beginning or end of a statement for emphasis or to provide more information. For the following sentences, I discuss the necessity of preceding end-of-sentence tags with a comma. 1. â€Å"I shouldn’t have been surprised really.† Without a comma separating really from the rest of the sentence, the implication is that really is an adverb modifying how the writer should not have been surprised (really, as in factually, and the opposite of allegedly). However, its function is merely to emphasize the point: â€Å"I shouldn’t have been surprised, really.† 2. â€Å"I was in the other room at the time actually.† This sentence indicates that the writer was in the other room in an actual manner, rather than figuratively, but that’s not the literal meaning. The writer has been challenged about his or her location when an incident occurred, and the intent, again, is to emphasize. A comma is required before actually to signal this distinction: â€Å"I was in the other room at the time, actually.† The idea could also be conveyed with actually inserted elsewhere in the sentence (in descending order of elegance): â€Å"Actually, I was in the other room at the time† or â€Å"I was, actually, in the other room at the time† or â€Å"I was in the other room, actually, at the time.† (Note that not all adverbial tags are so flexible about location; try these variations in the first example, and you’ll see that really seems to feel right only as a concluding tag.) 3. â€Å"We did it all right.† This sentence implies that the writer is evaluating a merely competent performance. With a comma inserted before â€Å"all right,† the implication is of emphasis on the fact of the accomplishment: â€Å"We did it, all right.† 4. â€Å"They offered a free pass to boot.† Without a comma preceding â€Å"to boot† (which means â€Å"as a bonus†), the phrase appears to describe an action that is, thanks to the pass, complimentary. The comma signals that â€Å"to boot† is an appendage that idiomatically offers additional information: â€Å"They offered a free pass, to boot.† 5. â€Å"Geology has an impact on biology and vice versa.† As written, this sentence seems to equate biology and vice versa as two things geology has an impact on. But â€Å"vice versa,† meaning â€Å"the opposite,† applies to the entire sentence preceding it, so it must be set off from the sentence: â€Å"Geology has an impact on biology, and vice versa.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Ã¢â‚¬Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†Supervise vs. Monitor

Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law Assignment - Essay Example When we order a car or a thing there is a need to have a agreement between them and us. Usually those agreements will be in printed with the dealers and we unmindfully sign them as we do not anticipate any grievous on toward incidents. Though the problems occur rare the business people will be aware and will be careful in framing their agreements in putting all the onus on the customer in case of any unforeseen disasters. In the case of the advertisement company actually they agreed for the contract just by ignorance of two new employees. After that Jay signed the contract ignoring to see the details of payment and liability terms. As the payment was typed 10 times the one agreed at the oral agreement and liability of the company was completely nullified by putting a rider in small letter that even any fault and ignorance of its own employees also was not to be bore by the company. The fourth one may be about the health and inability caused to tom chews. The prescription of on-site doctor resulted in diarrhea (though the medicine was given by wrongly reading of the spoiled prescription paper). But the responsibility lies solely with company as they provided a doctor. There were no details about the on-site treatment of the actors. But by seeing the case and behavior of Jay and her signing of advertisement contract one can predict that she might have not followed necessary precautions in contract with Tom chews about the maintenance of him on site. The last one may be about the promoting of the film in the prescribed time. As the advertising company bagged order for large amount for the small execution and was not intended to work; this may also cause a severe trouble for the Production Company as they has to face the problem of non execution of contract. Breach of Contract When a company and a worker enter into a contract and a dispute arises between them due to some reason. Here the dispute is injury of the workers (actors) on site. This made the work to come to a halt. When the company tried to hire new workers (actors) without settling terms with the old ones, they have all the right to sue the company. It was not mentioned whether the contracts with Bruce Spillis and Brad Spitt were settled (cancelled) or not. But by the way Jay handled the situations and contracts and the information she received about the execution it seems that she did not settled the terms with the former workers (actors.) This entitles the workers to fight in court for compensation. But if company tries to defend itself that it is their negligence that made them injured on site and prove it will be of some help in winning the case. It is difficult but not impossible. If the company succeeds in proving the negligence of workers they have to pay. But if it is not the case the co mpany has to pay for old workers a full payment or reinstating them in to work. Though there is a chance for the company to prove its innocence there was very little chance

Open Source and Open Standards in Ecommerce Assignment

Open Source and Open Standards in Ecommerce - Assignment Example These types of services are offered to cover against system problem, help, mitigation and training. The revenue generation is offered through presenting some contractual aspects (GBdirect Ltd, n.d). 8 Saint-Andre (2009) has answered the question and stated that open source technology and products often rely on open protocols standards, for example Mozilla with HTML/JavaScript/CSS, Apache with HTTP, Sendmail with SMTP. In this scenario we can assess that the proprietary products and systems are also doing the similar job. In this regard the open source technology developers need to confirm the platforms efficiency to offer the user a better and enhanced experience. Therefore open source developer need to fulfill all the quality standards of the open standards. However small development firms and software houses are restricted to construct a closed implementations as well as consequently they are not fixed to limitations of licenses for example GPL (Saint-Andre, 2009). Saint-Andre (2009) has stated that a number of people thought that, the W3C or IETF supports a format or protocol; it consequently turned out to be a standard. However standardization is not an issue of authorization ; however it is a concern of recognition in the marketplace. Not the entire of standards are open (for instance, PowerPoint or MS Word). Despite the fact that, when formats as well as protocols are coming under the open standards, then open standards applications are technically strong typically be liable to be established through the marketplace like a standard. Certainly, a certain application or protocol turns out to be not simply a standard however the leading marketplace maker. For instance, Apache is the leading web server. It new protocol HTTPng was unsuccessful to grab sufficient market because it was not fully supporting Apache community. A powerful open source "anchor" facilitates to guarantee the openness of

The Arras Medallion Essay -- Art Analysis

The Arras Medallion was issued to commemorate Constantius Chlorus recovery of Britain’s and the rescue of London in 296 AD . It is the intention of this source criticism to evaluate the medallion and determine its value to the study of government and society under Diocletian. The source provides valuable insight into how the tetrarchs presented themselves. It will be suggested that the source reveals the tetrarchs promotion of images that portray them as united and equal. In addition there is a sense of militarism and just rule that the tetrarchs where also keen to promote. Along with corroboration of literary sources and a possible, however slight, example of individualism makes the sources valuable with regards to tetrarchic propaganda. The deciphered legend on the obverse of the coin (Flavius Valerius Constantius noble Caesar) indentifies the figure as Constantius Chlorus. The inclusion of PTA on the bottom of the reverse side indicates that it was made it Trier. Given that he is identified as Caesar the coin can be attributed to anywhere between 293 and 305 AD. However, as the reverse shows a depiction of the re-conquest of Britain it was likely commissioned in 296/7 AD . Constantius is seen wearing a laurel wreath and armour and looking to one side. These features along with the stubble beard are key similarities that many tetrarchic coins shared . Indeed the coins of the tetrarchs are so similar in form that without the legend, identification of the individual would be difficult. This was part of the tetrarchs desire to appear united and equal to create contrast with the destructive divisions that occurred during the early third century. According to Southern the adoption of Flavius Valerius into his name was also... ...s an example of the tetrarchic unity being challenged. The source also corroborates the literary account and reveals the desire of the tetrarchs to appear just in rule. Whether the source is an accurate depiction of the reaction to the tetrarchs is another matter entirely. Overall, the Arras medallion proves valuable in the study of Diocletian’s reign as it provides insight into how the tetrarchs wanted to be perceived. Bibliography Casey, P,J,. 1994 Carausius and Allectus: The British Usurpers, Routledge, London, 1994 Rees, R., 2004 Diocletian and the Tetrachy, Edinburgh University Press Ltd, Edinburgh, 2004 Southern, P,. 2001 The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, London, 2001 Internet resource http://tetrarchy.com/coppermine/(accessed 07/04/2012)

Gender Boundaries in Pleasantville and 1984

Gender boundaries are established in 1984 through sexual repression, which is shown through costume. The restrictions placed on the party members in 1984 include every party member (both male and female) have to wear ‘ugly’ overalls. This plays its part in undefined gender roles. This boundary is broken in a number of ways. First of which is when Winston has sex with the prole prostitute, another is when Winston and Julia use Mr Clarington’s shop as a place for having sex, (this is broken even more as it is in the prole district). It is also broken when Julia puts on make-up which is seen as a luxury. Pleasantville explores gender boundaries are established through single beds, no colour, no sex, and lack of knowledge. Make up also plays an important role in breaking boundaries in Pleasantville as it did in 1984, when Betty puts on make up to cover the fact that she has turned into a ‘coloured’ person. Bud and Mary-Sue are agents for change in Pleasantville ad bud educated Mr Johnson and the rest of the Pleasantville population by filling in the books, putting out the fire, showing them colour. Mary-sue educated betty by teaching her what sex is. Repeated scenes in Pleasantville ensure that there is no change in their world, such as George walking home every afternoon, putting his briefcase down, and saying ‘honey, I’m home’. This is broken when he gets no reply from his wife, as Betty is out with Mr Johnson.

Social Security A Brief History - 1125 Words

Almost every American adult citizen is aware of the Social Security Administration. Every payday, each working American has tax deduction for Social Security on their payroll stubs and these deductions are recorded on their W2 forms at the end of the year. If they have older parents or disabled family members, then they would be aware of Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) and/or Social Security Income (SSI). Many young people are not conscious of life before Social Security, how disabled or elderly citizens lived without Federal assistance or how Social Security came into existence. Like any issue, there are champions and challengers, people will argue over the benefits and the weaknesses of the issue or alternate ideas for the same†¦show more content†¦The Crash of 1929 signaled the beginning of the Great Depression, banks closed, business failed, people lost not only their jobs and income, but their homes and savings, if they had any. One website Shmoop documented th e average unemployment rates for the Great Depression: 1929: 3.2% 1930: 8.9% 1931: 16.3% 1932: 24.1% 1933: 24.9% 1934 21.7% 1935: 20.1% 1936: 16.9% 1937: 14.3% 1938: 19.0% 1939: 17.2% Many factors caused the Great Depression, but resolving unemployment and helping the helpless was critical. During the election of 1933, current President Herbert Hoover was quoted during one election speech â€Å"I pledge you – I pledge myself to a new deal for the American People.† (Wolfskill 128) Hoover had his chance but he lost the election to Franklin Delano Roosevelt who would become known by his initials, FDR. Happy Days According to George Wolfskill, author of â€Å"Happy Days Are Here Again!†, Roosevelt shook up Washington, D.C in his first days in office; first he closed the banks. He called for special sessions of Congress and the Emergency Banking was the first of many new bills to be created. By June of 1933, â€Å"Roosevelt had everything he asked for: the Beer and Wine Act, Farm Credit Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Federal Emergency Relief Act, Securities Act, Tennessee Valley Authority, Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, Agricultural Adjustment Act, National Industrial Recovery Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the repeal of theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The And Public And Private Industry867 Words   |  4 Pageshuman beings tend to be the greatest security vulnerability to the public and private industry. In 1875, Alexander Graham Bell whose invention efforts for the talking telegraph were financed by Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, invented what is known today as the . These three men for Bell Telephone Company to exploit the telephone. With that, the first telephone switchboard, Bell Telephone began business in New Haven Connecticut in 1878 (A Brief History: Origins, n.d.). 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